According to federal regulations, how is a human subject defined?

The definition of a human subject under federal regulations specifically pertains to living individuals from whom data is collected through direct interaction or intervention, or who can be identified through private information. This definition encompasses a broad range of interactions, including interviews, surveys, and observations that can yield personal data.

In the context of research, it is critical to recognize that the focus is on both the gathering of information and the means through which that information is acquired. This definition underscores the importance of informed consent and ethical considerations when researchers engage with human subjects. By emphasizing both the need for the subjects to be alive and the requirement for active engagement in the research process, the framework protects individuals' rights and welfare throughout the research.

Other options may not align with the specific nuances outlined in the regulations. For example, simply being documented in medical records does not inherently mean a person is a subject of a research study unless active data collection from that individual is involved. Likewise, the age of individuals or the publishing of academic articles does not define human subjects under these regulations. The critical element is the interaction or intervention, which justifies why the correct answer encompasses the comprehensive definition relevant to federal regulations.